Gastroenterology
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Ghrelin
Ghrelin has been proposed as a hormone which promotes intestinal cell proliferation and inhibits its apoptosis during inflammatory states and oxidative stress. It also suppresses the pro-inflammatory mechanisms and augments anti-inflammatory mechanisms thus creating a possibility of its therapeutic use in various gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions. Ghrelin also appears to promote gastrointestinal and pancreatic malignancy. Kits are available for active, acylated, unacylated and total. Also for RIA and ELISA and for human, mouse and rat.
α-1-Antitrypsin
The alpha 1-antitrypsin acts as a primary inhibitor of elastase from polymorph nuclear neutrophilic granulocytes (PMN) and is released during inflammatory processes in order to reduce the proteolytic activity of the PMN-elastase in the inflammation region. In addition, it inhibits via complex formation a series of serine proteinases, like blood-clotting proteinases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, etc. Thus, the α1-antitrypsin plays an important regulatory as well as anti-inflammatory role. ELISA kits are available for human, mouse and canine.
β-Defensin
The ß-defensins are an integral part of the congenital immune system and contribute with their antimicrobial effect to the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. ELISA kits for human β-Defensin 2, 5, and 6 are available.
CRP (C-reactive Protein)
CRP is a protein found in the blood, the levels of which rise in response to inflammation. ELISA kits for multispecies and high sensitivity are available.
Calprotectin
Measurement of faecal calprotectin is a biochemical test for inflammatory bowl disease. It replaces the need for invasive colonoscopy. Assays are available for serum, plasma and stool and are also for ELISA and 1 hour rapid tests.
Chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin is a serine protease secreted from the pancreas into the duodenum after food intake. Chymotrypsin cleaves food proteins preferentially next to aromatic residues. A small part of the active enzyme form is excreted within the stool. In the case of pancreas insufficiency secondary to a chronic pancreatitis, the secretion of the enzyme is reduced markedly, so that a reduced chymotrypsin activity can be measured in stool specimen. A colorimetric assay is available for activity tests and also an ELISA.
PMN-Elastase
The determination of the PMN Elastase in stool is used to record inflammatory reactions in which neutrophils are involved. Especially in Crohn´s disease the inflammatory process goes hand in hand with an increased phagocytic activity and the biological decay of the phagocytic cells, thus, leading to an increased release of PMN Elastase and other lysosomal enzymes. Available are a number of different ELISA for human determinations from different manufacturers.
Secretory immunoglobulin
Secretory IgA is the major immunoglobulin in saliva, tears, colostrum, nasal mucous, mother’s milk, tracheobronchial and gastrointestinal secretes. It plays a major role in preventing adherence of microorganisms to mucosal sites, in activation of the alternative complement pathway and in activating inflammatory reactions. Newborns are provided with sIgA by mother’s milk and are passively immunized against gastrointestinal infections. ELISA kits for human A, A1 and A2 are available.